Rebuilding Ukraine will cost an estimated $524 billion after Russia’s invasion, a 7% increase from a year ago, according to a new study published by the World Bank, United Nations, European Commission and the Ukrainian government.

The estimate increase is partly attributed to a 70% rise in damage to Ukraine’s energy infrastructure resulting from Russian attacks.

The study quantifies the direct physical damage to buildings and other infrastructure, the impact on people’s lives and livelihoods, and the cost to “build back better,” the institutions said in a joint news release.

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